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Just like timestamps, one-way hashing is a technology rather than a product. It has a lower computational cost and is fast to apply, and they do provide integrity assurance. However, if the file integrity is infringed, the file as a whole has to be considered tampered and therefore not trustworthy. Given the low computational costs of this technology, fractions of a file could also be hashed –therefore mitigating this "eliminate all" consequence of data integrity infringement. Nevertheless, even if applied to portions of a file, one-way hashing does not provide a relationship of sequence, therefore they do not provide irrefutability of modification if a whole "block" of file is added or deleted. In contrast, the Secure Audit Vault not only provides integrity assurance at the event level, but also provides guarantee of the sequence of events processed, resulting in a mathematical impossibility of adding or deleting events.
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